Bone Growth Process
Bone growth and remodeling occurs through the function of two distinct cells: osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts build new bone tissue while osteoclasts actually break down and remove bone cells (this activity is called resorption).
When the body is growing, the osteoblasts (bone builders) are more active than the osteoclasts (bone removers), resulting in a net growth of the bones. As the body ages, the ratio of osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity begins to become more even. At this stage of life, the body’s intent is simply to maintain bone density and strength. If the ratio of bone deposition-resorption activity skews to the osteoclastic side, the bones will start to lose tissue, density, and strength (like in osteoporosis).One way to instigate bone growth at any stage of bone development is through physical activity. This is because bone adapts to the stresses placed on it. These stresses actually cause microscopic damage (microtrauma) to the bone, which signals osteoblasts to increase their activity in the area(s) of the bone absorbing or transmitting these stresses. This translates to a higher amount of bone tissue being deposited in the area, repairing and reinforcing the strength and structure of the bone. The most common causes of physical stress on bone during physical activity are impacts with the ground (running, jumping, etc.) and tension caused by tendons pulling on the bones during muscular contractions.
However, too much physical activity without adequate rest can cause the bone tissue to breakdown too quickly for the osteoblasts (bone builders) to keep up. This causes an overall decline in the strength and structural integrity of the bone at that site. When this weak spot continues to be stressed, a stress fracture occurs. Regular rest periods and a gradual progression into (or return to) physical activity are critical aspects of healthy and safe participation in athletic activities.
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